The article explains that solar panels are composed of silicon-based solar cells, such as monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon. Their working principle involves absorbing sunlight, generating electrons and holes within the cells, which are then separated by an electric field to create a voltage difference. This is converted into direct current, which is further transformed into alternating current suitable for grid connection via an inverter. They can operate under various weather conditions, though efficiency is higher on sunny days, making them an economically sustainable energy choice.

The article introduces that the efficiency of solar panels is the key to their performance, referring to the ability to convert sunlight into electrical energy. The efficiency of mainstream solar cell materials varies, with monocrystalline silicon accounting for 17% -20% (up to 23.6%), polycrystalline silicon accounting for 13% -16%, and perovskite accounting for 20% -24%. Its efficiency is also affected by environmental factors such as weather, installation method, and surrounding obstruction, and the selection needs to be comprehensively considered from multiple aspects.

The article introduces the differences between four types of solar energy systems: off grid, grid connected, hybrid, and vehicle mounted. Off grid systems are independent and stable, suitable for remote areas without power grids but with high costs; Grid connected systems can sell electricity for profit, suitable for urban users but without backup power sources; The hybrid system combines the advantages of both; The in car system can reduce fuel consumption and emissions, and is suitable for electric vehicles. Users need to choose according to their own needs, budget, etc.

The article focuses on the European and American markets, explaining whether the installation of solar panels requires a license varies depending on regional regulations. European countries have different regulations, with Germany requiring less than 10kWp and the UK requiring no permits for most small-scale installations; Most states in the United States require permits, which are issued by local construction departments, and some states have simplified the process. Before installation, it is necessary to consult local institutions and power companies to ensure compliance.

The article points out that photovoltaic solar power generation is a clean energy source, and the power generation process does not emit pollutants, nor does it cause pollution to the atmosphere, water sources, and soil. Throughout its entire lifecycle, there may be certain environmental impacts during the production, installation, and maintenance phases, but they can be effectively controlled through technological advancements and scientific planning and management. In the future, its environmental friendliness will continue to improve.